CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2026-27

BIOLOGY Subject Code – 044 Classes XII (2026–27)

The present curriculum provides the students with updated concepts along with an extended exposure to contemporary areas of the subject. The curriculum also aims at emphasizing the underlying principles that are common to animals, plants and microorganisms as well as highlighting the relationship of Biology with other areas of knowledge. The format allows a simple, clear, sequential flow of concepts. It links the discoveries and innovations in biology to everyday life such as environment, industry, health and agriculture. The Biology curriculum is expected to enable the students to:

lacktrian develop capacities for observation, experimentation, documentation, and familiarity with quantitative reasoning and multi-disciplinary approaches.

<math>\blacktriangle</math> engender sensitivity towards biological issues (environment, health) in their surroundings and be aware of how citizens can contribute to their local communities and to science.

be aware of bioethical concerns that arise in biology today.

understand the integration of different fields of biology and highlight the interconnections between these fields.

be exposed to diverse careers in the life sciences.

This curriculum of Biology will help in achieving the following curricular goals and competencies delineated in the National Curriculum Framework for School Education 2023:

CG-3 C-3.1 Explains the role of cellular components (nucleus,

Explores the structure and function mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, chloroplast, cell

of the living world at the cellular level wall), including the semi permeability of cell membrane in making

cell the structural basis of living organisms and functional basis of

life processes C-3.2 Analyses similarities and differences in the life processes

involved in nutrition (photosynthesis in plants; absorption of

nutrients in fungi; digestion in animals), transport (transport of

water in plants; circulation in animals), exchange of materials

(respiration and excretion), and reproduction C-3.3 Describes mechanisms of heredity (in terms of DNA, genes,

chromosomes) and variation (as changes in the sequence of DNA)

CG-4 C-4.1 Applies the knowledge of cellular diversity in organisms

Explores interconnectedness along with the ecological role organisms play (autotrophic/

between organisms and their heterotrophic nutrition) to classify them into five-kingdoms

environment C-4.2 Illustrates different levels of organisations of living organisms

(from molecules to organisms)

C-4.3 Analyses different levels of biological organisation from

organisms to ecosystems and biomes along with interactions that

take place at each level

C-4.4 Analyses patterns of inheritance of traits in terms of Mendel's

laws and its consequences at a population level (using models

and/or simulations)

C-4.5 Analyses evidences of biological evolution demonstrating the

consequences of the process of natural selection in terms of

changes — in allele frequency in population, structure, and

function of organisms

CG-5 C-5.3 Applies scientific principles to explain phenomena in other

Draws linkages between scientific subjects (sound pitch, octave, and amplitude in music; use of knowledge and knowledge across muscles in dance form and sports) other curricular areas CG-6 C-6.1 Knows and explains the significant contributions of India to

Understands and appreciates the all matters (concepts, explanations, methods) that are studied

contribution of India through history within the curriculum in an integrated manner and the present times to the overall field of Science, including the disciplines that constitute it CG-7 C-7.1 concepts that States represent the most current

Develops awareness of the most understanding of the matter being studied — ranging from mere

current discoveries, ideas, and familiarity to conceptual understanding of the matter as appropriate

frontiers in all areas of scientific to the developmental stage of the students knowledge in order to appreciate C-7.2 States questions related to matters in the curriculum for

that Science is ever evolving, and which current scientific understanding is well-recognised to be

that there are still many unanswered inadequate questions CG-8 C-8.1 Develops accurate and appropriate models (including

Explores the nature of Science by geometric, mathematical, graphical) to represent real-life events

doing Science and phenomena using scientific principles and use these models to

manipulate variables and predict results C-8.2 Designs and implements a plan for scientific inquiry

(formulates hypotheses, makes predictions, identifies variables,

accurately uses scientific instruments, represents data — primary

and secondary — in multiple modes, draws inferences based on

data and understanding of scientific concepts, theories, laws, and

principles, communicates findings using scientific terminology)

It is expected that the students would get an exposure to various branches of Biology in the curriculum in a more contextual and systematic manner as they study its various units. (NCFSE-2023)

Attainment of the competencies shall be done through transaction of the curriculum using appropriate pedagogy; these shall be assessed through an integrated evaluation scheme.

COURSE STRUCTURE

CLASS XII (2026 - 27)

(THEORY)

Time: 03 Hours

Max. Marks: 70

Unit Title Marks

VI Reproduction 16

VII Genetics and Evolution 20

VIII Biology and Human Welfare 12

IX Biotechnology and its Applications 12

X Ecology and Environment 10 70

Unit-VI Reproduction

Chapter-1: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination - types, agencies and examples; out breeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization; post fertilization events - development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes- apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation.

Chapter-2: Human Reproduction

Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis -spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea).

Chapter-3: Reproductive Health

Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birth control - need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness).