HUMAN REPRODUCTION PROCESS IN ANIMALS
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The Male reproductive system

The Female Reproductive System
Ovary:

i) Each ovary contains immature ova (eggs) in follicles.
ii) Females born with lifetime supply of eggs(250,000-400,000 in each ovary)
iii) Ovaries release ovum -. Almost all ova degenerate between birth and puberty.
iv) Approx. 400 eggs will be ovulated over woman’s life.
v) Egg is the largest human cell.
vi) Ovaries are located lower abdomen. 1 left and 1 on the right.

Fallopian tubes

i)Two thin tubes attached to the upper sides of uterus
ii) Tubes terminate near the ovaries but are not attached
iii)"Fimbriae" are finger-like structures on the end of each tube
iv)Tubes conduct egg to uterus by use of small hairs called "cilia"
v)Fertilization of ovum takes place in the ampullary-isthmic junction of the fallopian tubes. Egg viable for only 24-48 hours after ovulation.

Uterus:

i)Pear-shaped organ located in lower abdomen
ii)Muscles(myometrium) stretch to allow baby to develop. Oxytocin starts labor contractions.
iii)Lining of uterus (endometrium) thickens with blood-rich tissue due to progesterone
iv)Endometrium supports embryo/fetus during growth
v)Placenta It is the interface between baby and mother. If not pregnant, lining breaks down and is discharged from body through vagina. This is menstruation (period)
vi)Cervix connects uterus to vagina. Like a door that opens during ovulation. Cervical mucous closes the door at all other times.

Vagina:
Birth canal:

i)Menstrual blood leaves the body
ii) Organ of intercourse
iii) Muscular stretches to allow a baby to grow
iv)Vaginal opening partly remains closed by thin membrane of tissue called hymen. May be stretched or torn during any physical activity

Cervix:

i)Located at inner end of vagina
ii)Opening of uterus into vagina
iii) Mucous prevents bacteria and viruses from entering uterus
iv)Lets sperm into uterus after ovulation
v) Where baby also passes through during vaginal birth

Labia:

2 layers of skin, which fold over the opening to vagina and urethra
ii) Inner labia (labia minora)
iii)Outer labia (labia majora)
1.Two folds of skin, surround vaginal area
2. Pubic hair grows on outer labia

Clitoris:

i) Small organ, 5 to 10 millimeters long
ii) Located at junction of inner labia near front of body
iii) Contains erectile tissue& sexually sensitive

Mons pubis :

Cushion like fatty tissue covered by skin and pubic hair Gametogenesis & its hormonal regulation :

Ref: Concept Map Page C 3

Differentiate between: Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis :

2)Follicular phase (Proliferative phase ) and Luteal phase (Secretory Phase)

Menstrual Cycle

Functional Activities of FSH and LH

FSH and LH from the pituitary:	FUNCTION / PRODUCTION
Hormone	In Females	In Males
FSH Controls	Eggs + Estrogen	Spermatogenesis
LH Controls	Ovulation + Corpus Luteum	Testosterone

From Primordial Follicle to Tertiary Follicle Primordial

follicle:The surviving primary oocytes, at birth, are surrounded by thin, single layers cells of so-called follicular epithelial cells.
Primary follicle The primordial follicles while developing into primary follicles the follicular epithelium that surrounds the oocyte becomes iso- to highly prismatic

Secondary follicle
Secondary follicles with follicular epitheliums encompassing multiple rows are formed called the stratum granulosum. Pellucid zone, between the oocyte and follicular epithelium becomes visible.

Tertiary follicle
A well-developed net of capillaries in the theca interna.
Antrum – a fluid filled cavity develops
The theca layer organized into Theca internal & Theca external

Conception to Birth

The following shows some of the many stages of human development

Fate of three germ layers

Mnemonics

TERMS TO REMEMBER

Acrosome- the part of a sperm cell that contains an enzyme – (This enables a sperm cell to penetrate an egg.)
Afterbirth-placenta and fetal membrane expelled from the uterus after the birth of a baby
Amniotic sac-fluid-filled membrane or sac that surrounds the developing embryo while in the
uterus.(protects baby from hard shocks, keeps it at a constant temperature. )
Birth-the process of being born. Process by which baby moves from the uterus into the outside world
(Parturition)
Blastocyst = blastula = early stage of an embryo; a liquid-filled sphere whose wall is composed of a single layer of cells; during this stage (about eight days after fertilization) implantation in the wall of theuterus occurs.
Cervix- lower part, or neck, of uterus. (Opening to the uterus.)
Clitoris-small, sensitive organ in front of the vagina
Coitus-synonym for sexual intercourse
Conception-fertilization of an egg cell by a sperm cell
Corpus Luteum - After ovulation, this crater-like structure produces progesterone and estrogen. The corpus luteum is the old RUPTURED GRAFFIAN follicle. It means ―yellow body.
Cowper’s glands - 2 glands that secrete an oily liquid, which cleans and lubricates the urethra of themale
Egg cell-a female sex cell (female gamete or ovum or secondary oocyte )
Ejaculation-the discharge of semen from the penis
Embryo-the unborn child developing in the uterus between the second and eighth weeks of life
Endometrium - the lining for the uterus – site for blastocyst implants and develops.
Epididymis-the tightly coiled tube at the back at each testis that holds newly created sperm – (each epididymis is like a nursery where sperm mature and learn to swim.)
Erection- condition of penis when it fills with blood and becomes firm, enlarged, and erect.
Fallopian tubes -tubes leading from each ovary to the uterus. Tubes carry the egg from ovary to the uterus. Fertilization occurs here. (Also known as the oviducts.)
Fimbria - A fimbria (plural fimbriae) Latin word, literally means "fringe." a fringe of tissue near the ovary leading to the fallopian tube
Fertile- able to conceive a child
Fertilization union of sperm and egg.Conception.
Fertilized egg- egg after sperm has united with it. Zygote.
Fetus-unborn child developing in the uterus after the first eight weeks of life
Follicle - In ovaries. Each holds and nourishes an egg until ovulation. Nest. Becomes corpus luteum after ovulation.
Foreskin – A sheath of skin that surrounds the penis.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone - secreted from pituitary gland in both men and women. In women, FSH promotes the development of eggs and estrogen. In men, FSH promotes the development of sperm cells.
Fraternal twins-babies that develop from two eggs, each fertilized by a sperm cell; may or may not be of the same sex
Gamete – a sex cell. Sperm cells and egg cells are gametes.
Genitals-the reproductive or sex organs, especially the external organs
Germ Cell- egg or sperm cell (Gamete). In humans, germ cell contains 23 chromosomes
Hormones-chemical substances produced by the endocrine glands; they act in other parts of the body and affect maturation, growth, and behavior; LH, FSH, GH, Testosterone, Estrogen, Progesterone are all hormones.
Hymen-a thin bit of tissue, or membrane that may partially cover the opening of the vagina
Identical twins-babies that develop from a single fertilized egg that separates into two halves; identical twins are always of the same sex
Labia-two folds of skin surrounding the entrance of vagina
Labor-the muscular contractions that expel a baby from uterus during childbirth
Leydig Cells – when prompted by LH, Leydig cells create testosterone.
LH - Luteinizing Hormone - Secreted from pituitary gland, causes ovulation and formation of corpus Luteum in women. In men, LH causes Leydig cells to produce testosterone.
Menstrual cycle - periodic building up and sloughing off of lining of uterus approximately every twenty-eight days
Menstruation-the periodic discharge of blood and waste material (unfertilized secondary oocyte / ova and the degenerating endometrium lining) from the uterus
Miscarriage- expulsion from the uterus of a fetus before it is developed sufficiently to live Also called spontaneous abortion
Myometrium – muscles of the uterus that stretch to accommodate the growth of the baby. These muscles contract during labor and push baby out.
Orgasm-the peak of sexual excitement when the male ejaculates semen,
Ovary- female sex glands; they produce egg cells, estrogen and progesterone.
Ovulation-the discharge, or release, of an egg cell / secondary oocyte from the ovary
Ovum-scientific name for an egg cell / secondary oocyte
Oxytocin - hormone, released from the pituitary gland , stimulates contraction of the myometrium of the uterus during labor and facilitates ejection of milk from the breast during nursing.
Penis-the male sex organ through which sperm cells leave the body; it also discharges urine
Placenta- network of blood vessels and other tissues by which the unborn child is attached to the wall of the uterus.grows out of the endometrium The umbilical cord is attached to it. It is the interface between mother and developing fetus.
Pregnancy-the process in a woman from conception to birth
Pregnant-the condition of a woman with an embryo or fetus in her uterus
Progesterone – pregnancy hormone, which is first produced by the corpus luteum and then by the placenta.
♦ increases lining of endometrium.
♦ maintains pregnancy
♦ helps develop mammary glands.
Prostate gland- surrounds the upper end of male urethra and produces part of the fluid that mixes with the sperm to form semen. Prostate fluid alkaline helps to protect sperm from vaginal acids.
Scrotum- pouch of loose skin containing the testes. Houses and air-conditions the testicles by moving and sweating.
Semen-the mixture of sperm and fluids released during ejaculation. Semen comprised of sperm,fructose, prostate fluid and oil from Cowper‘s gland.
Seminal vesicles-small saclike organs opening into each vas deferens near the upper end of the urethra; produce part of the fluid that mixes with the sperm to form semen; provide food (fructose) for the sperm.
Seminiferous tubules - tubes in testes that produce sperm
Sexual intercourse- entry of penis into vagina and subsequent release of semen; also called coitus
Sperm-the male sex cell (male gamete or spermatozoon), which contains 23 chromosomes in human.
Spermatozoon-scientific name for sperm
Spontaneous abortion--synonym for miscarriage
Testes- male sex glands; produce sperm cells and testosterone;
Testicles-synonym for testes
Testosterone – male hormone that regulates development of penis, muscles, body hair, change of voice.
Umbilical cord- ropelike structure connecting embryo or fetus to placenta within the uterus.
Urethra-the tube through which urine is expelled from the bladder in both males and females and through which semen leaves the male body
Uterus = womb - the hollow pear-shaped organ in which a baby develops before it is born;
Vagina- passage from the uterus to the outside of the body, accepts the penis during intercourse. It is the birth canal & menstrual fluids leave through it Vas deferens- tube extending from each epididymis to the urethra in males
Womb-synonym for uterus
Yolk sac-a structure that develops for the nutrition of embryo during early embryonic life and then ceases to function
Zygote - The cell formed by the union of two ametes. [ fertilized ovum before cleavage.]

IMPORTANT NOTES

• An adult male produces over 10¹2 to 10¹³ sperms each day.
• Human female oogonial development by mitosis is ompleted by 25 weeks of foetus and no oogonia are formed after birth.
• Sperm entry into the ovum stimulates MPF (M phase promoting factor) & APC ( Anaphase promoting complex) for completion of Meiosis II.
• During Spermatogenesis, spermatogonium produces four sperms while in oogenesis, oogonium produces one ovum and two polar bodies.
• Human Sperm contains Clupein proteins.
• Yolk nucleus: A mass of mitochondria and golgi bodies near nucleus is called as yolk nucleus and controls vitellogenesis.
• Maximum level of estrogen – 12^th day, LH-13^th day, Progestrone – 21st day, Corpous luteum formation – 19^th day of menstrual cycle.
• Menstrual cycle is absent during pregnancy, lactation periods and permanently during menopose.
• Two ovaries alternate in ovulation.
• 13 mature eggs are released per year, so about 416 eggs (13x32 years) are ovulated during whole reproductive period of human female.
• Menstruation is also called ―Weeping of uterus for the lost ovum" or" Funeral of unfertilized eggs".
• In human embryo, yolk sac degenerates since eggs is microlecithal, which shows evolutionary significance.
• Placenta acts as a physiological barriers and an ultra-filter between foetal and maternal blood.
• Progesterone is also called pregnancy hormone since its secretions controls pregnancy.
• Teratogens are physical, chemical, biological agents which may cause malformation in developing embryo.
• Period between fertilization and parturition is called gestation periods. Varies between 266 days up to 280 days ( 49 weeks)

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