CBSE Class 8 Geography Chapter 5: Industries NCERT Solutions

Solution: The journey of a shirt from a cotton field to your wardrobe involves several key stages:

1. Cultivation: Cotton is grown in fields. This requires time and significant effort from farmers.
2. Harvesting: During the harvest season, farmers pluck the cotton buds and separate the raw cotton fibers.
3. Spinning: The raw cotton is then processed into yarn using either handlooms or power looms.
4. Weaving: The spun cotton yarn is woven to create finished cotton cloth.
5. Garment Manufacturing: Tailors use this cloth to design and stitch various garments, including shirts.
6. Distribution and Retail: These finished garments are then sold to retailers.
7. Purchase: Finally, consumers like us buy the shirts from retailers, completing the journey to our wardrobe.

Solution: Agro-based industries are those industries that utilize raw materials derived from agricultural products. Some prominent examples include:

• Cotton Textile Industry: Uses cotton grown by farmers as its primary raw material.
• Jute Textile Industry: Relies on jute, another agricultural crop.
• Sugar Manufacturing Industry: Processes sugarcane, a key agricultural product, to produce sugar.
• Vegetable Oil Producing Industry: Extracts oils from various agricultural seeds and fruits, such as mustard, groundnut, and sunflower.

Solution: The manufacture of a leather shoe involves transforming raw animal hides into a finished product. Here's a breakdown of the inputs, processes, and outputs:

Inputs: The essential components required to start the manufacturing process are:

Raw Material: Unprocessed animal hides (skins).

Labor: Skilled workers for various stages of processing and shoe construction.

Machinery: Equipment used for tanning, cutting, stitching, and finishing.

Industrial Unit: A factory or workshop equipped for production.

Processes: This stage involves transforming the raw hides into usable leather and then into shoes:

Tanning: The raw hides are treated to convert them into durable and flexible leather. This is a crucial step to prevent decay and improve texture.

Finishing: The tanned leather may undergo further treatments like dyeing, conditioning, and applying protective coatings to achieve the desired color, texture, and finish.

Cutting and Stitching: The finished leather is cut into specific shapes for different parts of the shoe, and then these parts are stitched together.

Assembly: The stitched upper part of the shoe is attached to the sole, and other components are added.

Outputs: The final products resulting from the manufacturing process are:

Finished Leather Shoes: The primary output, ready for sale and use.

By-products: Depending on the process, there might be by-products like leather scraps that can be used for smaller items or other materials.

Waste: Processing often generates waste materials that need to be managed.

Solution: TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company) is a major iron and steel producer in India. Its primary raw materials are iron ore and coal, along with limestone and dolomite. Key locations that supply these raw materials to TISCO's plant in Jamshedpur (Jharkhand) include:

• Iron Ore: Supplied mainly from the Noamundi and Gua mines in the Singhbhum district of Jharkhand, and also from the Durgapur region in West Bengal.
• Coal: Primarily sourced from the Jharia and Raniganj coalfields in Jharkhand and West Bengal, respectively.
• Limestone and Dolomite: These are obtained from the Sundargarh district in Odisha and Kymore in Madhya Pradesh.

Students should mark these regions on an outline map of India to visualize the supply chain for TISCO.