CBSE Class 7 Social Science Our Pasts II: Rulers and Buildings NCERT Solutions

Solution: The primary difference between the trabeate and arcuate principles of architecture lies in how they support the weight of the superstructure.

Trabeate Style: This architectural style relies on the use of straight beams or lintels, which are placed horizontally across two vertical supports (columns). This method was commonly used between the seventh and tenth centuries. Examples include the construction of roofs, doors, and windows using this principle.

Arcuate Style: In contrast, the arcuate style of architecture utilizes arches to carry the weight of the superstructure. The curves of the arches effectively transfer the load downwards and outwards to the supporting structures. This style became more noticeable from the twelfth century onwards. An example of arcuate architecture is the Alai Darwaza.

Solution: The term 'shikhara' literally means mountain peak. In the context of North Indian temples, the shikhara refers to the highest roof or spire of the temple structure. It is a prominent architectural element that often dominates the skyline and is designed to draw the eye upwards, symbolizing a connection to the heavens.

Solution: Pietra-dura is a sophisticated architectural and decorative technique. It involves the intricate art of inlaying precisely cut and shaped coloured, hard stones into depressions carved into marble or sandstone. These stone pieces are meticulously assembled, often one by one, to form elaborate and beautiful patterns. The joins between the individual stone sections are made so finely that they are practically invisible, creating a seamless and ornate surface.

Solution: The Mughal chaharbagh garden is a specific type of garden layout inspired by the concept of the four gardens of Paradise mentioned in the Quran. Its key elements include:

• Rectangular Walled Enclosures: The garden is typically enclosed within high walls, providing a sense of privacy and defining the space.
• Division into Quarters: The garden is systematically divided into four equal parts. This division is usually achieved by constructing artificial channels for water or by laying out pathways that intersect at the centre.

This symmetrical layout aimed to create a paradise-like environment on earth.

Solution: Temples played a crucial role in communicating and reinforcing the importance, power, and legitimacy of a king during historical periods. Here's how:

• Demonstration of Power and Wealth: The construction of large, beautifully adorned temples required immense resources, labour, and artistic skill. Building such magnificent structures served as a direct display of the king's wealth, power, and his ability to command such resources.
• Moral Right to Rule: Temples were considered sacred spaces and places of worship. By constructing them, kings emphasized their piety and devotion, which was believed to grant them a moral and divine right to rule over their subjects.
• Association with the Divine: Rulers often adopted names similar to those of gods (like King Rajarajeshvara and the god Rajarajeshvara) or claimed a close relationship with the divine. Building temples provided a tangible way to proclaim this association, suggesting that their rule on earth mirrored the just rule of the gods.
• Symbolic Representation of the Kingdom: A temple could be seen as a miniature model of the world over which the king ruled. The king and his allies worshipping deities together in royal temples reinforced the idea of a divinely ordained and harmonious kingdom.
• Patronage and Legitimacy: The largest and most impressive temples were typically built by kings, highlighting their role as chief patrons of religion and society. This patronage enhanced their prestige and legitimized their rule in the eyes of the people.

The Rajarajeshvara temple, built by King Rajarajeshvara, serves as a prime example of how temple construction was used to project royal authority and divine favour.