NCERT Class 10 Sanskrit Vyakaranavithi: Chapter 6 — वयाकरणवीथि:
This chapter, 'Upsarg' (Prefixes) from NCERT's Class 10 Sanskrit textbook 'Vyakaranavithi', explains the concept of prefixes in Sanskrit grammar. Prefixes are words that are added before verb roots or derived word forms to change their meaning. The chapter illustrates this with examples like 'har' (garland) changing to 'prahara' (to strike), 'aahar' (food), 'samhar' (to destroy), 'vihar' (to roam), and 'parihar' (to reform/abandon) by adding different prefixes. It emphasizes that prefixes do not have independent usage and are always combined with other words. The chapter lists and provides examples for 22 common Sanskrit prefixes, demonstrating their application in forming new words and altering meanings within sentences, thereby enhancing understanding of Sanskrit vocabulary and sentence construction for CBSE students.
Quick info
| Board | CBSE / NCERT |
|---|---|
| Class | Class 10 |
| Subject | Sanskrit |
| Book | Vyakaranavithi |
| Chapter | Chapter 6 — वयाकरणवीथि: |
| Language | Sanskrit |
| PDF type | NCERT Textbook |
| Session | CBSE 2026 |
| Reading time | 2 minutes |
| Word count | 347 |
Learning outcomes
- Understand the definition and function of Sanskrit prefixes (Upsarg).
- Recognize how prefixes alter the meaning of root words.
- Identify and use common Sanskrit prefixes in word formation.
- Analyze examples of prefix usage in Sanskrit sentences.
Vocabulary
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| उपसर्ग | Prefix |
| धातु | Verb root |
| अर्थ | Meaning |
| परिवर्तन | Change |
| प्रहार | Strike |
| आहार | Food |
| संहार | Destruction |
| विहार | Roaming/Amusement |
| परिहार | Abandonment/Reform |
| स्वतंत्र | Independent |
| प्रयोग | Usage/Application |
| निर्माण | Construction/Formation |
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Practice questions
- उपसर्ग किसे कहते हैं? Answer: धातु रूपों तथा धातुओं से निष्पन्न शब्दरूपों से पूर्व प्रयुक्त होकर उनके अर्थ का परिवर्तन करने वाले शब्दों को उपसर्ग कहते हैं।
- 'हार' शब्द में 'प्र' उपसर्ग लगने पर कौन सा शब्द बनता है और उसका क्या अर्थ है? Answer: 'प्रहार' शब्द बनता है, जिसका अर्थ है 'मारना'।
- उपसर्गों का प्रयोग किस प्रकार होता है? Answer: उपसर्गों का स्वतंत्र प्रयोग नहीं होता, वे धातु या शब्द के पूर्व जुड़कर अर्थ परिवर्तन करते हैं।
- दिए गए उपसर्गों में से किन्हीं तीन के उदाहरण वाक्य लिखिए। (प्र, परा, अप) Answer: 1. प्र: गङ्गा हिमालयात् प्रतिष्ठा प्रभवति। 2. परा: सैनिक: शत्रून् पराजयते। 3. अप: चौर: धनम् अपहरति।
Frequently asked questions
What is an 'Upsarg' in Sanskrit?
An 'Upsarg' is a prefix in Sanskrit, which is added before a verb root or a derived word to change its meaning.
Can 'Upsarg' be used independently?
No, 'Upsarg' cannot be used independently. They are always used in conjunction with a root word or verb.
How does adding a prefix change a word's meaning? Give an example.
Adding a prefix significantly alters the meaning. For example, 'har' (garland) becomes 'prahara' (to strike) when 'pra' is added.
What are some common Sanskrit prefixes mentioned in the chapter?
The chapter lists 22 common prefixes including प्र, परा, अप, सम्, अनु, अव, निर्, निस्, दुस्, दुर्, वि, आङ्, नि, अधि, अति, सु, उत्, अभि, प्रति, परि, उप, and अपि.
What is the meaning of 'aahar' (आहार)?
'Aahar' (आहार), formed by adding the prefix 'aa' (आ) to 'har', means 'food'.
What is the meaning of 'vihar' (विहार)?
'Vihar' (विहार), formed by adding the prefix 'vi' (वि) to 'har', means 'to roam' or 'to wander'.
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NCERT Class 10 Sanskrit — Vyakaranavithi — Chapter 6 — वयाकरणवीथि:. Verified by NCERT Help Editorial Team. Reviewed on 29 Jul 2026. Last updated 10 Aug 2026.