CBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 9: Globalisation NCERT Solutions

Solution: The statement that is true about globalisation is (d). Globalisation is a complex and multi-faceted process that extends beyond economics to include cultural, political, and social dimensions. It is not solely an economic event, nor did it necessarily begin in 1991, and it is distinct from westernisation, although cultural exchanges are part of it. Therefore, the most accurate description is that it is multi-dimensional.

Solution: The true statements regarding the impact of globalisation are (a) and (d). Statement (a) is correct because globalisation affects different countries and communities in diverse ways, leading to varied outcomes. Statement (d) is also considered true in the context of certain arguments, as globalisation can lead to the spread of dominant cultures, potentially resulting in a degree of cultural homogeneity, although this is a debated aspect.

Solution: The true statements about the causes of globalisation are (a) and (c). Technology, including advancements in communication and transportation, is a primary driver that facilitates global interactions and economic activities. While globalisation has roots and significant manifestations in the US, it is not solely caused by a particular community or solely by economic interdependence, but rather a combination of factors including technological innovation and policy changes.

Solution: The true statements about globalisation are (b) and (d). Statement (d) is correct as globalisation fundamentally refers to the increasing interconnectedness of the world. Statement (b) is also considered true in the sense that while globalisation facilitates the flow of ideas and values, it doesn't inherently mean a conflict of values is absent; rather, it brings different values into contact, which can lead to both integration and friction. However, the question asks which statements are true, and the core definition of globalisation is worldwide interconnectedness. The idea that it doesn't *involve* conflict of values is a simplification, but in contrast to other options, it points to the interaction aspect.

Solution: The statements that are false about globalisation are (b) and (d). Statement (b) is false because critics of globalisation typically argue that it leads to *greater economic disparity*, not less. Statement (d) is false because while critics *do* argue that globalisation leads to cultural homogenisation, the statement frames it as something critics argue *against*, implying it's a false claim by critics. However, the common understanding is that critics *raise concerns* about cultural homogenisation as a negative consequence. Re-examining the source, it seems the question intends to identify claims that are *not* made by advocates/critics or are factually incorrect representations. The most straightforward interpretation is that critics *do* argue for (b) and (d) as negative impacts. Therefore, if the question asks which statements are false *about* globalisation (meaning, false claims made about it), then (b) and (d) are actually *true* claims made by critics. Let's assume the question means 'Which of the following claims about the arguments of advocates/critics are false?'. In that case, (b) and (d) are the false statements *as presented in the options*. Critics argue for greater economic disparity (making statement b true), and critics argue for cultural homogenisation (making statement d true). Therefore, the original answer indicating (b) and (d) are false is likely based on a misunderstanding of the question's intent or a flawed question design. Based on standard understanding, critics argue for both economic disparity and cultural homogenisation. If we must select false statements *about* globalisation from the perspective of advocates/critics, and assuming the question implies these are claims *made by* advocates/critics, then the claims themselves (economic disparity, cultural homogenisation) are points of contention. However, the provided answer states (b) and (d) are false. This implies the question might be asking which of these *aren't* arguments made by critics, or are misrepresentations. Given the ambiguity, and adhering to the provided answer's logic, we state that the claims that critics argue for greater economic disparity and cultural homogenisation are presented as false in the context of this question's answer key, which is counter-intuitive to common discourse.

Solution: Worldwide interconnectedness refers to the state of being linked globally through the free movement and exchange of goods, services, technology, ideas, and people. This interconnectedness is a fundamental aspect of globalisation. Its primary components are:

1. Capital Flow: This involves the movement of financial resources, such as loans and investments, between different countries.
2. Trade Flows of Goods: This component relates to the exchange of tangible products among nations.
3. Labour Flow: This refers to the movement of people across borders, often seeking employment opportunities, which can sometimes be associated with 'brain drain' from one country to another.

These flows collectively contribute to the deepening of global integration.

Solution: Technology has significantly contributed to the process of globalisation by dramatically enhancing communication and transportation capabilities. Innovations such as the internet, mobile phones, and advanced computing (like microchips) have made it easier and faster to exchange information, capital, and ideas across vast distances. This technological infrastructure facilitates the movement of people and goods, thereby accelerating the pace and deepening the reach of global interactions and economic activities.

Solution: Globalisation has profoundly altered the role and capacity of states, particularly in developing countries. Critically evaluating this impact reveals several key changes:

1. Reduced State Capacity: Globalisation can diminish the ability of governments to independently formulate and implement policies, as they become more influenced by global economic forces and international actors.
2. Market Primacy: Economic and social priorities are increasingly determined by market mechanisms rather than state planning, leading to a shift in focus from state-led development to market-driven growth.
3. Influence of Multinational Corporations (MNCs): The decisions and policies of governments in developing countries are often shaped by the interests and operations of MNCs, whose investments are crucial for economic development.
4. Shift to Minimalist State: The traditional welfare state model is giving way to a more minimalist state, primarily focused on core functions like maintaining law and order, national security, and enforcing contracts.
5. Withdrawal from Welfare Functions: States are increasingly withdrawing from providing extensive welfare services, leaving more responsibility to the market or non-governmental actors.
6. Potential Boost: Despite these challenges, some developing countries have benefited from globalisation through access to new technologies and markets, potentially strengthening their economic position and enhancing their global influence.

In essence, globalisation compels developing countries' states to adapt to a more complex, market-oriented, and externally influenced environment, balancing national interests with global integration.

Solution: Globalisation has significant economic implications, both positive and negative.

(A) Positive Economic Implications:

1. Increased Economic Flows: Globalisation facilitates greater movement of capital, goods, and services across national borders, leading to enhanced economic integration.
2. Enhanced Trade: It has led to a substantial increase in international trade of commodities, allowing countries to specialize and benefit from comparative advantages.
3. Reduced Restrictions: Many countries have reduced trade barriers and restrictions on the movement of capital, encouraging foreign investment and economic liberalization.
4. Spread of Services: Globalisation has spurred the growth and spread of services, particularly in sectors like information technology and business process outsourcing, across national boundaries.

(B) Negative Economic Implications:

1. Unequal Distribution of Benefits: Critics argue that the benefits of economic globalisation are not evenly distributed and tend to favour a small section of society, potentially exacerbating inequality.
2. Disparity in Movement of People: While capital and goods move relatively freely, the movement of people across borders often faces significant restrictions, leading to a disparity in opportunities compared to the flow of capital.

Impact on India:

India has experienced many of these economic implications. Following its economic liberalization in 1991, India saw increased foreign investment, a surge in international trade, and significant growth in its services sector, particularly IT and BPO. This has led to greater economic integration with the global economy. However, concerns about rising income inequality, the impact on small domestic industries, and the challenges faced by the agricultural sector in competing with subsidized imports are also part of India's experience with economic globalisation.