NCERT Class 9 Sanskrit Sharada: Chapter 14 — परिशिष्टम् ३
This chapter, "वाच्यम्" (Vachyam), from NCERT Class 9 Sanskrit textbook 'Sharada', explains the concept of grammatical voice in Sanskrit. It details three types of Vachyam: Kartari Prayog (Active Voice), Karmani Prayog (Passive Voice), and Bhave Prayog (Impersonal Voice). The chapter elaborates on the grammatical structures for each voice, focusing on the case endings of the subject (Karta) and object (Karma), and how the verb (Kriyapad) agrees with them. It provides examples to illustrate how the verb changes based on the subject in Kartari Prayog, and based on the object in Karmani Prayog. Understanding Vachyam is crucial for comprehending Sanskrit sentence construction and for accurate translation, aiding CBSE students in mastering Sanskrit grammar.
Quick info
| Board | CBSE / NCERT |
|---|---|
| Class | Class 9 |
| Subject | Sanskrit |
| Book | Sharada |
| Chapter | Chapter 14 — परिशिष्टम् ३ |
| Language | Sanskrit |
| PDF type | NCERT Textbook |
| Session | CBSE 2026 |
| Reading time | 2 minutes |
| Word count | 348 |
Learning outcomes
- Understand the concept of Vachyam (voice) in Sanskrit grammar.
- Differentiate between Kartari, Karmani, and Bhave Prayog.
- Identify the grammatical rules for subject-verb and object-verb agreement in each voice.
- Analyze and construct sentences in different Vachyam forms.
Vocabulary
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| वाच्यम् | Voice (grammatical) |
| कर्तरि प्रयोगः | Active voice |
| कर्मणि प्रयोगः | Passive voice |
| भावः प्रयोगः | Impersonal voice |
| कर्ता | Subject |
| कर्म | Object |
| क्रियापदम् | Verb |
| प्रथमा विभक्तिः | Nominative case |
| द्वितीया विभक्तिः | Accusative case |
| तृतीया विभक्तिः | Instrumental case |
| पुरुषः | Person (grammatical) |
| आत्मनेपदम् | Middle voice verb ending |
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Practice questions
- कर्तरि प्रयोगे क्रियापदं कस्मानुगुणं भवति? Answer: कर्तरि प्रयोगे क्रियापदं कर्तृपदानुगुणं भवति।
- कर्मणि प्रयोगे कर्मपदं कस्यां विभक्तौ भवति? Answer: कर्मणि प्रयोगे कर्मपदं प्रथमाविभक्तौ भवति।
- कर्मणि प्रयोगे धातुभ्यः कः प्रत्ययः विधीयते? Answer: कर्मणि प्रयोगे धातुभ्यः 'यक्' (य) प्रत्ययः विधीयते।
- बालः चित्रं पश्यति। - अत्र वाच्यं किम्? Answer: अत्र कर्तृवाच्यं (कर्तरि प्रयोगः) अस्ति।
Frequently asked questions
What is वाच्यम् in Sanskrit grammar?
वाच्यम् refers to the grammatical voice in Sanskrit, indicating the relationship between the subject, object, and verb in a sentence. It is also known as प्रयोगः.
What are the main types of वाच्यम् discussed?
The main types discussed are कर्तृवाच्य (Active Voice), कर्मवाच्य (Passive Voice), and भाववाच्य (Impersonal Voice).
In कर्तृवाच्य (Active Voice), how does the verb behave?
In कर्तृवाच्य, the verb agrees in number and person with the subject (कर्ता).
In कर्मवाच्य (Passive Voice), what is the case of the subject and object?
In कर्मवाच्य, the subject (कर्ता) is in the third case (तृतीया विभक्तिः), and the object (कर्म) is in the first case (प्रथमा विभक्तिः).
How does the verb behave in कर्मवाच्य (Passive Voice)?
In कर्मवाच्य, the verb agrees in number with the object (कर्म).
What is added to the verb root in कर्मवाच्य?
In कर्मवाच्य, the suffix 'यक्' (य) is added to the verb root, and the verb takes आत्मनेपद endings.
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NCERT Class 9 Sanskrit — Sharada — Chapter 14 — परिशिष्टम् ३. Verified by NCERT Help Editorial Team. Reviewed on 29 Jul 2026. Last updated 10 Aug 2026.