NCERT Class 9 Sanskrit Sharada: Chapter 12 — परिशिष्टम् १
This chapter, "परिशिष्टम् १" (Appendix 1) from the NCERT Class 9 Sanskrit textbook 'Sharada', focuses on the methods of understanding Sanskrit verses (shlokas). It explains that the usual word order in Sanskrit, where subject, object, and verb can appear in any sequence, often makes it difficult for readers to grasp the connections between words. To address this, the chapter introduces two primary methods for analyzing shlokas: 'दण्ान्वयविधिः' (Dandānvaya method) and 'खण्ान्वयविधिः' (Khanḍānvaya method). The Dandānvaya method, explained in detail, involves arranging words in a specific order: adjectives before their nouns, followed by the subject, object, and finally the verb. It also discusses how to handle indeclinables (avyayas) and verb forms (kṛdanta) by linking them to their respective words and how to infer missing words (adhyāhāra) like 'केचन' (some) or 'भवति' (is/happens) to complete the meaning. This systematic approach helps students understand the meaning and essence of shlokas, crucial for CBSE Sanskrit learning.
Quick info
| Board | CBSE / NCERT |
|---|---|
| Class | Class 9 |
| Subject | Sanskrit |
| Book | Sharada |
| Chapter | Chapter 12 — परिशिष्टम् १ |
| Language | Sanskrit |
| PDF type | NCERT Textbook |
| Session | CBSE 2026 |
| Reading time | 2 minutes |
| Word count | 395 |
Learning outcomes
- Understand the challenges in interpreting Sanskrit verses due to flexible word order.
- Learn and apply the Dandānvaya method for analyzing shlokas.
- Identify and correctly place adjectives, subjects, objects, and verbs in a verse.
- Understand the concept of adhyāhāra (inferring missing words) for complete comprehension.
- Improve the ability to grasp the meaning and essence of Sanskrit shlokas.
Vocabulary
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| अन्वयः | Syntax, grammatical connection of words |
| श्लोक | Verse |
| कर्तृपदं | Subject (noun/pronoun) |
| कर्मपदं | Object (noun/pronoun) |
| क्रिययापदं | Verb |
| विशेषण | Adjective |
| दण्ान्वयविधिः | Dandānvaya method (a way of arranging words in a verse) |
| खण्ान्वयविधिः | Khanḍānvaya method (another way of arranging words) |
| अव्यय | Indeclinable word (like 'api', 'tu') |
| कृदनतपद | Verbal participle or derivative from a verb root |
| अध्याहार्यम् | To be supplied or inferred (missing words) |
| पदच् छेद: | Word segmentation or breaking down a sentence into individual words |
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Practice questions
- What is the main difficulty in understanding Sanskrit shlokas mentioned in the chapter? Answer: The flexible word order, where subject, object, and verb can appear in various positions, making it hard to establish connections between words.
- Name the two methods introduced for analyzing shlokas. Answer: The two methods are दण्ान्वयविधिः (Dandānvaya method) and खण्ान्वयविधिः (Khanḍānvaya method).
- According to the Dandānvaya method, in what order are adjectives typically placed? Answer: Adjectives are placed before their respective nouns (subject's adjective before the subject, object's adjective before the object).
- What is 'adhyāhāra' in the context of analyzing shlokas? Answer: Adhyāhāra is the process of inferring or supplying missing words that are necessary for the complete grammatical and semantic understanding of a verse.
- In the example verse, what word was inferred (adhyāhṛta) before 'mūrakhāḥ' (fools)? Answer: The word 'केचन' (some) was inferred.
Frequently asked questions
What is the primary purpose of Chapter 12, 'परिशिष्टम् १'?
The chapter aims to teach students systematic methods, like the Dandānvaya method, to analyze and understand the meaning of Sanskrit verses (shlokas).
Why is word order important in Sanskrit shlokas?
Sanskrit shlokas often have a flexible word order, which can make it difficult to understand the relationships between words. Specific analysis methods help clarify these connections.
What is the Dandānvaya method?
It's a method of arranging words in a verse in a specific order (adjectives, subject, object, verb) to make its meaning clear and grammatically sound.
What does 'adhyāhāra' mean in this chapter?
Adhyāhāra refers to the practice of inferring or supplying words that are not explicitly present in the verse but are needed for its complete understanding.
How does this chapter help students learn Sanskrit?
It equips students with analytical tools to decipher complex verse structures, thereby improving their comprehension and appreciation of Sanskrit literature.
Are there other methods besides Dandānvaya mentioned?
Yes, the chapter briefly mentions Khanḍānvaya method alongside Dandānvaya method as ways to analyze shlokas.
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NCERT Class 9 Sanskrit — Sharada — Chapter 12 — परिशिष्टम् १. Verified by NCERT Help Editorial Team. Reviewed on 29 Jul 2026. Last updated 10 Aug 2026.