NCERT Class 9 Sanskrit Sharada: Chapter 11 — वर्णोच्चारण-शिक्षाा २
This chapter, Varnoccharan-Shiksha 2, builds upon the previous discussion of speech production in humans. It reiterates the three essential elements for sound production within the mouth: sthana (place), karana (organ), and abhyantara-prayatna (internal effort). The chapter briefly reviews the six places and six organs of articulation discussed in prior classes. The main focus is on the internal effort (abhyantara-prayatna), which is defined as the effort made by the organs to touch or approach the articulation place. The chapter details the five types of internal efforts: Spashta-prayatna (complete touch), Ishat-spashta-prayatna (slight touch), and others to be discussed. It explains that Spashta-prayatna results in the production of sparsha-vyanjanani (plosive consonants), with an example of mrdhanya-varna (cerebral sounds). Ishat-spashta-prayatna leads to the production of antahstha-vyanjanani (semivowels). This chapter is crucial for understanding the phonetic basis of Sanskrit pronunciation within the CBSE curriculum.
Quick info
| Board | CBSE / NCERT |
|---|---|
| Class | Class 9 |
| Subject | Sanskrit |
| Book | Sharada |
| Chapter | Chapter 11 — वर्णोच्चारण-शिक्षाा २ |
| Language | Sanskrit |
| PDF type | NCERT Textbook |
| Session | CBSE 2026 |
| Reading time | 1 minute |
| Word count | 196 |
Learning outcomes
- Understand the concept of abhyantara-prayatna (internal effort) in speech production.
- Differentiate between Spashta-prayatna and Ishat-spashta-prayatna.
- Identify the types of consonants produced by Spashta-prayatna (sparsha-vyanjanani).
- Identify the types of consonants produced by Ishat-spashta-prayatna (antahstha-vyanjanani).
- Relate articulation efforts to specific Sanskrit sounds.
Vocabulary
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| वर्णोच्चारण-शिक्षा | Education of pronunciation of letters |
| वाग्-उत्पत्ति-प्रक््रिया | Process of speech production |
| स्थानम् | Place (of articulation) |
| करणम् | Organ (of articulation) |
| आभ्यनतर-प्रयत्नः | Internal effort (of articulation) |
| स्पृष्टट-प्रयत्नः | Complete touch (effort) |
| ईषत्-स्पृष्टट-प्रयत्नः | Slight touch (effort) |
| स्पर्श-व्यञ्जनानि | Plosive consonants |
| अन्तःस्थ-व्यञ्जनानि | Semivowels |
| मूर्धन्य-वर्णान् | Cerebral sounds |
The complete chapter text is read in the official NCERT PDF viewer below (streamed from ncert.nic.in). This page provides NCERT Help study material — summary, vocabulary, practice questions, and FAQs — not a full reproduction of the textbook.
Read chapter online
This PDF is loaded from the official NCERT website (ncert.nic.in). Use the page buttons below to read — download is disabled on NCERT Help.
Read page by page below. PDF is streamed from the official NCERT website — no download button on this page.
Practice questions
- What are the three essential elements for sound production within the mouth? Answer: The three essential elements are sthana (place), karana (organ), and abhyantara-prayatna (internal effort).
- How many types of internal efforts (abhyantara-prayatna) are there? Answer: There are five types of internal efforts.
- What type of consonants are produced by Spashta-prayatna? Answer: Spashta-prayatna produces sparsha-vyanjanani (plosive consonants).
- What type of consonants are produced by Ishat-spashta-prayatna? Answer: Ishat-spashta-prayatna produces antahstha-vyanjanani (semivowels).
Frequently asked questions
What is the main topic of Varnoccharan-Shiksha 2?
The chapter focuses on the internal efforts (abhyantara-prayatna) involved in producing Sanskrit sounds, detailing different types of efforts and the resulting consonants.
What are the three key elements for producing sounds in the mouth?
The three key elements are the place of articulation (sthana), the organ of articulation (karana), and the internal effort (abhyantara-prayatna).
How many types of internal efforts are discussed in this chapter?
The chapter discusses five types of internal efforts, introducing Spashta-prayatna and Ishat-spashta-prayatna.
What kind of sounds are produced by Spashta-prayatna?
Spashta-prayatna results in the production of sparsha-vyanjanani, which are plosive consonants.
What kind of sounds are produced by Ishat-spashta-prayatna?
Ishat-spashta-prayatna results in the production of antahstha-vyanjanani, which are semivowels.
What is an example of a cerebral sound mentioned in the chapter?
The chapter provides an example of murdhanya-varna (cerebral sounds) in relation to Spashta-prayatna.
Related resources
Important topics
Topics covered
NCERT Class 9 Sanskrit — Sharada — Chapter 11 — वर्णोच्चारण-शिक्षाा २. Verified by NCERT Help Editorial Team. Reviewed on 29 Jul 2026. Last updated 10 Aug 2026.