NCERT Class 10 Sanskrit Vyakaranavithi: Chapter 4 — वयाकरणवीथि:
This chapter, "Shabdaroop Samanya Parichay" (General Introduction to Word Forms), from NCERT Class 10 Sanskrit Vyakaranavithi, introduces the fundamental concept of words as the smallest unit of a sentence. It explains that grammatical terms other than verbs are called 'nama' (nouns). Nouns, pronouns, and adjectives are defined as words that denote a person, object, place, or feeling. The chapter details how Sanskrit words are transformed into 'pada' (inflected words) by adding case endings (vibhakti). It outlines the seven cases (prathama to shasthi) and their forms in singular, dual, and plural, mentioning the 'sup' suffixes as defined by Panini. The text categorizes words into three types: noun words, pronoun words, and numeral words. Noun words are further classified based on their ending: vowel-ending (ajanta) and consonant-ending (halanta), with examples provided for each category, illustrating the diversity of Sanskrit word forms.
Quick info
| Board | CBSE / NCERT |
|---|---|
| Class | Class 10 |
| Subject | Sanskrit |
| Book | Vyakaranavithi |
| Chapter | Chapter 4 — वयाकरणवीथि: |
| Language | Sanskrit |
| PDF type | NCERT Textbook |
| Session | CBSE 2026 |
| Reading time | 3 minutes |
| Word count | 448 |
Learning outcomes
- Understand the concept of 'pada' and its formation in Sanskrit.
- Identify different types of words: noun, pronoun, and numeral.
- Recognize the classification of noun words into vowel-ending (ajanta) and consonant-ending (halanta).
- Learn about the seven cases (vibhakti) and their role in word inflection.
- Understand the concept of singular, dual, and plural forms in Sanskrit.
Vocabulary
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| शब्द | Word |
| पद | Inflected word |
| संज्ञा | Noun |
| सर्वनाम | Pronoun |
| विशेषण | Adjective |
| क्रियापद | Verb |
| विभक्ति | Case ending |
| प्रत्यय | Suffix |
| एकवचन | Singular |
| द्विवचन | Dual |
| बहुवचन | Plural |
| स्वरान्त | Vowel-ending |
| व्यञजनान्त | Consonant-ending |
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Practice questions
- वाक्य की सबसे छोटी इकाई को क्या कहते हैं? Answer: शब्द
- संस्कृत में क्रियापदों को छोड़कर अन्य पदों को क्या कहा जाता है? Answer: नाम
- संज्ञा, सर्वनाम आदि शब्दों को पद बनाने के लिए क्या लगाया जाता है? Answer: विभक्तियाँ
- संज्ञा शब्दों के अंत में स्वर होने पर उन्हें क्या कहते हैं? Answer: स्वरान्त (अजन्त)
- संज्ञा शब्दों के अंत में व्यंजन होने पर उन्हें क्या कहते हैं? Answer: व्यञजनान्त (हलन्त)
Frequently asked questions
What is the basic unit of a sentence in Sanskrit grammar?
The smallest unit of a sentence is called a 'shabd' (word).
What are words other than verbs called in Sanskrit grammar?
Words other than verbs are called 'nama' (nouns).
How are Sanskrit words made into 'pada' (inflected words)?
Sanskrit words are made into 'pada' by adding case endings (vibhakti).
How many cases (vibhakti) are there in Sanskrit?
There are seven cases in Sanskrit: Prathama, Dwitiya, Tritiya, Chaturthi, Panchami, Shasthi, and Saptami (though Saptami is not detailed in this introductory section).
What is the difference between 'swarant' and 'vyanjanant' words?
'Swarant' (ajanta) words end in vowels, while 'vyanjanant' (halanta) words end in consonants.
What are 'sup' suffixes?
'Sup' suffixes are the case endings that are added to nouns, pronouns, etc., to form 'pada', as conceptualized by Panini.
Related resources
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Topics covered
NCERT Class 10 Sanskrit — Vyakaranavithi — Chapter 4 — वयाकरणवीथि:. Verified by NCERT Help Editorial Team. Reviewed on 29 Jul 2026. Last updated 10 Aug 2026.