NCERT Class 10 Sanskrit Abhyaswaan Bhav-II: Chapter 9 — अव्ययानि
This chapter, 'अव्ययानि' (Indeclinables) from NCERT's Abhyaswaan Bhav-II for Class 10 Sanskrit, introduces students to words that do not change their form regardless of gender, number, or case. The chapter begins with example sentences highlighting these indeclinable words. It explains that indeclinables remain the same across different genders (like 'अपि'), numbers (like 'यदा-तदा'), and cases (like 'उच्चैः'). A key definition is provided: 'सदृशं त्रिषु लिङ्गेषु सर्वासु च विभक्तिषु। वचनेषु च सर्वेषु यन्न व्येति तदव्ययम्।।' (That which does not change in three genders, all cases, and all numbers is an indeclinable). The chapter then categorizes indeclinables based on their meaning (time, place, manner, etc.) and provides a comprehensive list with their meanings, aiding students in understanding and using these crucial grammatical elements in Sanskrit.
Quick info
| Board | CBSE / NCERT |
|---|---|
| Class | Class 10 |
| Subject | Sanskrit |
| Book | Abhyaswaan Bhav-II |
| Chapter | Chapter 9 — अव्ययानि |
| Language | Sanskrit |
| PDF type | NCERT Textbook |
| Session | CBSE 2026 |
| Reading time | 2 minutes |
| Word count | 368 |
Learning outcomes
- Understand the definition and characteristics of अव्ययानि (indeclinables).
- Identify indeclinable words in Sanskrit sentences.
- Recognize that indeclinables do not change form with gender, number, or case.
- Learn various categories and examples of indeclinables.
- Apply the knowledge of indeclinables in sentence construction and comprehension.
Vocabulary
| Word | Meaning |
|---|---|
| अव्यय | Indeclinable (word that does not change) |
| दुर्वहम् | Difficult to bear/carry |
| जीवितम् | Life |
| प्रकृतिः | Nature |
| शरणम् | Refuge, shelter |
| सदा | Always |
| सत्यं | Truth |
| अनन्ताताः | Endless |
| भृशं | Greatly, very much |
| दूषितम् | Polluted |
| निर्मलम् | Clean, pure |
| अलम् | Enough, stop |
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Practice questions
- अव्यययपदानि किम् न परिवर्तन्तेते? Answer: अव्यययपदानि लिङ्वचनविभक्तिषु न परिवर्तन्तेते।
- 'प्रकृति: एव शरणम्' अत्र अव्यययपदं किम्? Answer: 'एव'
- 'स: सदा सत्यं व दति' अत्र अव्यययपदं किम्? Answer: 'सदा'
- 'यदा-तदा' इति अव्ययययो: उदाहरणं वाक्ये प्रयोजयत। Answer: यदा स: आगच्छति तदा ते गच् छन्ति।
- 'उच्चै:' इति पदस्य प्रयोगं वाक्ये कुरुत। Answer: बाल: उच्चै: वदति।
Frequently asked questions
What are अव्ययानि in Sanskrit?
अव्ययानि are Sanskrit words that do not change their form regardless of gender, number, or case. They remain constant in all grammatical contexts.
How can we identify an अव्यय word?
An अव्यय word can be identified because it does not change its form when used with different genders, numbers, or cases in a sentence.
Give an example of an अव्यय that remains the same in different genders.
The word 'अपि' (also) is an example. It is used as 'बाल: अपि धावति' (The boy also runs) and 'बालिका अपि धावति' (The girl also runs), showing no change.
What does the verse 'सदृशं त्रिषु लिङ्गेषु...' mean?
This verse defines an indeclinable as a word that remains the same in three genders, all cases, and all numbers.
List some common categories of अव्ययानि mentioned in the chapter.
The chapter mentions categories like time-indicating (कालवाचकानि), place-indicating (स्थानवाचकानि), and others like conjunctions and adverbs.
Are there any indeclinables related to time?
Yes, examples include 'सदा' (always), 'अद्य' (today), 'ह्यः' (yesterday), 'श्वः' (tomorrow), 'पुरा' (in ancient times), and 'सद्यः' (immediately).
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NCERT Class 10 Sanskrit — Abhyaswaan Bhav-II — Chapter 9 — अव्ययानि. Verified by NCERT Help Editorial Team. Reviewed on 29 Jul 2026. Last updated 10 Aug 2026.