CBSE Class 12 Geography: Chapter 1 - Data – Its Source and Compilation NCERT Solutions

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NCERT Solutions PDF Class 12 PDF

This chapter, 'Data – Its Source and Compilation,' is the first in the Class 12 Geography Practical Work syllabus. It introduces fundamental concepts related to data, which are crucial for any practical geographical analysis. The NCERT Solutions provided here break down key terms like data, datum, and different methods of data representation such as tally marks and ogives. It also clarifies the distinction between primary and secondary data sources and explains the importance of data processing and the use of footnotes in tables. These solutions are designed to help students understand the foundational elements of data handling in geography, preparing them for more complex practical exercises. By offering clear explanations and step-by-step guidance, these solutions serve as an excellent resource for exam revision, ensuring students grasp the core principles of data compilation and its sources.

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Quick info

BoardCBSE
ClassClass 12
SubjectGeography Practical Work in Geography
Session2026
LanguageEnglish
TypeNCERT Solutions
ChapterChapter 1

Chapter summary

Chapter 1 of Geography Practical Work for Class 12 focuses on the essential concepts of data, its sources, and compilation methods. The NCERT Solutions cover the definition of data and datum, differentiate between various data grouping techniques like the inclusive and exclusive methods, and explain the purpose of graphical representations like ogives. It also details the importance of data processing and the advantages of using footnotes in tables. Furthermore, it enumerates primary and secondary data sources, providing a solid foundation for practical geographical studies.

Learning outcomes

  • Understand the definition and characteristics of data and datum.
  • Differentiate between primary and secondary data sources.
  • Explain various methods of data compilation and representation.
  • Recognize the importance of data processing and its steps.
  • Identify the utility of footnotes in statistical tables.

Topics covered

Paper topics

  • Definition of Data
  • Definition of Datum
  • Data Processing
  • Tally Marks
  • Four and Cross Method
  • Ogive
  • Frequency Grouping
  • Inclusive Method
  • Exclusive Method
  • Footnotes in Tables
  • Primary Sources of Data
  • Secondary Sources of Data

Important topics

  • Data vs. Information
  • Primary vs. Secondary Data Sources
  • Data Processing Steps
  • Graphical Representation (Ogive)
  • Tally Marking Techniques

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Questions and Solutions

Question 1 (i)

Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below: A number or character which represents measurement is called
  1. Digit
  2. Data
  3. Number
  4. Character
Solution: The correct option is (b) Data. Data refers to any numerical or character-based value that represents a measurement or observation collected from the real world. While digits, numbers, and characters are components, 'data' is the term used for these measurements collectively.

Question 1 (ii)

Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below: A single datum is a single measurement from the
  1. Table
  2. Frequency
  3. Real world
  4. Information
Solution: The correct option is (c) Real world. A single datum represents one individual measurement or observation taken directly from the actual environment or situation being studied.

Question 1 (iii)

Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below: In a tally mark grouping by four and crossing fifth is called
  1. Four and Cross Method
  2. Tally Marking Method
  3. Frequency plotting Method
  4. Inclusive Method
Solution: The correct options are (a) Four and Cross Method and (b) Tally Marking Method. The technique of grouping tally marks by drawing four vertical lines and then crossing them with a fifth diagonal line is a fundamental part of the Tally Marking Method. This specific grouping strategy is often referred to as the 'Four and Cross Method' within the broader context of tally marking.

Question 1 (iv)

Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below: An Ogive is a method in which
  1. Simple frequency is measured
  2. Cumulative frequency is measured
  3. Simple frequency is plotted
  4. Cumulative frequency is plotted
Solution: The correct option is (d) Cumulative frequency is plotted. An Ogive is a graphical representation used in statistics to plot cumulative frequencies. It helps in visualizing the distribution of data and determining percentiles or quartiles.

Question 1 (v)

Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below: If both ends of a group are taken in frequency grouping, it is called
  1. Exclusive method
  2. Inclusive method
  3. Marking method
  4. Statistical method
Solution: The correct option is (b) Inclusive method. In the inclusive method of frequency grouping, both the lower and upper limits of a class interval are included within that interval. This contrasts with the exclusive method where the upper limit of one class becomes the lower limit of the next.

Question 2 (i)

Answer the following questions in about 30 words: Differentiate between data and information.
Solution: Data consists of raw, unorganized facts, figures, or measurements collected from the real world; a single datum is one such measurement. Information, conversely, is processed, organized, and meaningful data that provides context, answers queries, or leads to further inquiry.

Question 2 (ii)

Answer the following questions in about 30 words: What do you mean by data processing?
Solution: Data processing is the systematic procedure of organizing, classifying, analysing, and interpreting collected data. This transforms raw data into a usable and understandable format, enabling meaningful conclusions to be drawn.

Question 2 (iii)

Answer the following questions in about 30 words: What is the advantage of footnote in a table?
Solution: Footnotes in a table provide essential supplementary details that clarify the statistics presented. For instance, they can explain abbreviations (like 'M' for Male, 'F' for Female) or indicate the original source of the data, thereby enhancing accuracy and understanding.

Question 2 (iv)

Answer the following questions in about 30 words: What do you mean by primary sources of data?
Solution: Primary sources of data refer to the original data collected directly by the researcher or investigator for the specific purpose of their current study. Methods include direct personal investigation, interviews, or surveys. This 'first-hand' data is generally considered highly reliable.

Question 2 (v)

Answer the following questions in about 30 words: Enumerate five sources of secondary data.
Solution: Five common sources of secondary data include:
  1. Government publications (e.g., census reports, statistical abstracts)
  2. Published research articles and academic journals
  3. Reports from international organizations (like the UN, World Bank)
  4. Private publications (e.g., company reports, industry surveys)
  5. Online databases and digital archives

Common mistakes

  • Confusing data with information.
  • Misunderstanding the difference between primary and secondary data.
  • Incorrectly applying data grouping methods.
  • Not recognizing the purpose of an ogive.

Revision tips

  • Clearly define data and datum in your own words.
  • Memorize the key differences between primary and secondary data sources.
  • Practice identifying the correct method for data representation (e.g., tally marks, ogives).
  • Understand the significance of data processing steps and footnotes.

Practice MCQs

Q1. What is a number or character that represents a measurement called?

Q2. What does a single datum represent?

Q3. The method of grouping tally marks by counting in fours and crossing the fifth with a line is known as:

Q4. An Ogive is a graphical tool used for:

Q5. When both the upper and lower limits of a class interval are included in frequency grouping, it is called:

Frequently asked questions

What is the fundamental difference between data and information in Geography?

Data refers to raw, unorganized facts, figures, or measurements collected from the real world. Information is processed, organized data that provides meaning, context, and answers to specific queries.

What are the main types of data sources discussed in this chapter?

This chapter discusses primary sources, where data is collected directly by the investigator for the first time, and secondary sources, which involve using data already collected by others.

How are tally marks used for data compilation?

Tally marks are used to count the frequency of occurrences. Typically, groups of four vertical lines are made, and the fifth occurrence is marked by a horizontal line crossing the four, making counting easier.

What is the purpose of an Ogive in data analysis?

An Ogive is a cumulative frequency curve used to plot cumulative frequencies. It helps in visualizing the distribution of data and determining values like the median or quartiles.

Why is data processing important in Geography?

Data processing is crucial because it transforms raw data into meaningful information through organization, analysis, and interpretation, enabling informed conclusions and decisions in geographical studies.

What is the role of footnotes in a statistical table?

Footnotes provide supplementary information about the data presented in a table, such as clarifying abbreviations, units of measurement, or the source of the data, enhancing the table's clarity and reliability.

Important links

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