CBSE Class 10 Abhyasvan Bhavah Chapter 7: Samasa NCERT Solutions

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This chapter, 'Samasa' (Compounds), from the Abhyasvan Bhavah textbook for CBSE Class 10, delves into the formation and understanding of Sanskrit compound words. The provided NCERT Solutions offer a clear explanation of what a Samasa is, differentiating between 'Vigraha' (analysis of a compound word) and 'Samasa' (formation of a compound word). It introduces the four main types of Samasa: Avyayibhav, Tatpurush, Dvandva, and Bahuvrihi, with a special note that Karmadharaya and Dvigu are sub-types of Tatpurush. The solutions focus extensively on Avyayibhav Samasa, explaining its characteristics: the first word being an indeclinable or prefix, the compound word being neuter gender, functioning as an indeclinable, and the first word being the primary element. Detailed examples and exercises are provided to help students grasp the concept and practice identifying and forming these compounds, crucial for mastering Sanskrit grammar and enhancing reading comprehension for exams.

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BoardCBSE
ClassClass 10
SubjectAbhyasvan Bhavah
Session2026
LanguageHindi
TypeNCERT Solutions
ChapterChapter 7

Chapter summary

Chapter 7, 'Samasa', in the Abhyasvan Bhavah series for Class 10, introduces students to the concept of Sanskrit compound words. It explains the difference between 'Vigraha' (breaking down a compound) and 'Samasa' (forming a compound). The chapter outlines the four primary types of Samasa: Avyayibhav, Tatpurush, Dvandva, and Bahuvrihi, clarifying that Karmadharaya and Dvigu are sub-types of Tatpurush. The NCERT Solutions focus on Avyayibhav Samasa, detailing its structure and usage with illustrative examples and practice exercises for identifying and forming compound words.

Learning outcomes

  • Understand the concept of 'Samasa' (compound words) in Sanskrit.
  • Differentiate between 'Vigraha' (analysis) and 'Samasa' (formation).
  • Identify the four main types of Samasa: Avyayibhav, Tatpurush, Dvandva, and Bahuvrihi.
  • Recognize the characteristics of Avyayibhav Samasa, including the role of prefixes and indeclinables.
  • Practice forming and analyzing compound words through given examples and exercises.

Topics covered

Paper topics

  • Samasa (Compound Words)
  • Vigraha (Analysis of Compounds)
  • Avyayibhav Samasa
  • Tatpurush Samasa
  • Dvandva Samasa
  • Bahuvrihi Samasa
  • Karmadharaya Samasa (as a sub-type)
  • Dvigu Samasa (as a sub-type)
  • Prefixes (Upasarga) in Samasa
  • Indeclinables (Avyaya) in Samasa
  • Gender and function of compound words
  • Formation of compound words

Important topics

  • Definition and types of Samasa
  • Characteristics of Avyayibhav Samasa
  • Role of prefixes and indeclinables
  • Distinction between Vigraha and Samasa
  • Practice exercises for forming compounds

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Questions and Solutions

Chapter 7: Samasa

7. समासा

श्रुतिः – अहं दिनम् दिनम् विद्यायाः आलयम् समयम् अनतिक्रम्य गच्छामि।

अनुकृतिः – अहम् अपि प्रतिदिनं विद्यालयं यथासमयं गच्छामि।

श्रुतिः – किं त्वं जानासि यद् वसुदेवस्य सुतः कः आसीत्?

अनुकृतिः – जानामि। वसुदेवसुतः श्रीकृष्णः आसीत्।

श्रुतिः – मां पीतः वर्णः रोचते। सः अपि पीतम् अम्बरं धारयति स्म।

अनुकृतिः – सत्यं वदसि। सः पीताम्बरं धारयति स्म अतः सः 'पीताम्बरः' इति नाम्ना अपि प्रसिद्धः।

मया पठितं यत् कृष्णः च बलरामः च यमुनायाः तटे क्रीडतः स्म।

श्रुतिः – मयापि पठितं यत् कृष्णबलरामौ यमुनातटे क्रीडतः स्म।

उपरिलिखितेषु संवादवाक्येषु श्रुतिः यानि वाक्यानि वदति तेषु रेखाङ्कित-पदानि पृथक् पृथक् सन्ति परन्तु अनुकृतिः यानि वाक्यानि वदति तेषु वाक्येषु तानि एव रेखाङ्कित-पदानि समस्तरूपेण (संक्षिप्तरूपेण) योजयित्वा प्रदर्शितानि सन्ति। यथा शब्दानां पृथक्-पृथक् लेखनं 'विग्रहः' कथ्यते तथैव समस्तरूपेण (संक्षिप्तरूपेण) वा लेखनं 'समासः' इति कथयते।

समासानां विभाजनं मुख्यतः चतुर्धा भवति-

1. अव्ययीभावः

2. तत्पुरुषः

3. द्वन्द्वः

4. बहुव्रीहिः

(कर्मधारयः द्विगुः चेति तत्पुरुष-समासस्य एव द्वौ भेदी स्तः।)

1. अव्ययीभावः

(क) प्रायः जनाः प्रत्यक्षम् एव सत्यं स्वीकुर्वन्ति।

(ख) तस्मिन् विद्यालये प्रतिमासम् परीक्षाः भवन्ति।

(ग) छात्राः यथामति अध्ययनं कुर्वन्ति।

(घ) हरिद्वारे उपङ्गम् अनेके देवालयाः सन्ति।

उल्लिखितवाक्येषु रेखाङ्किःतपदेषु चतस्रः विशेषताः सन्ति-

(i) सर्वेषु पदेषु प्रथम/पूर्व-पदम् अव्ययम् उपसर्गो वा अस्ति।

(ii) सर्वाणि पदानि नपुसंकलिङ्गे सन्ति।

(iii) सर्वेषां पदानां प्रयोगः अव्ययवत् भवति।

(iv) एतेषु समस्तपदेषु पूर्वपदम् प्रधानम् अस्ति यतो हि वाक्येषु क्रियापदानि प्रथम/पूर्व पदस्य अनुसारम् अर्थ बोधयन्ति।

इत्थं वयं जानीमः यत् अव्ययीभाव समासः पूर्वपदप्रधानः भवति। अयं समासः सर्वदा नपुसंकलिने तिष्ठति। एवम् अव्ययीभावसमासं स्पष्टरूपेण विज्ञाय अस्त इतिराणि उदाहरणानि द्रष्टव्यानि-

Solution:

The provided text introduces the concept of 'Samasa' (compound words) in Sanskrit grammar. It explains that 'Vigraha' is the process of separating a compound word into its constituent parts, while 'Samasa' is the process of forming a compound word by combining words. The text outlines the four primary types of Samasa: Avyayibhav, Tatpurush, Dvandva, and Bahuvrihi, noting that Karmadharaya and Dvigu are sub-types of Tatpurush. It then elaborates on Avyayibhav Samasa, highlighting its key characteristics: the first word is an indeclinable or prefix, the entire compound word is indeclinable and in the neuter gender, and the first word is primary in meaning.

Examples and Exercises

Examples of Avyayibhav Samasa:

क्रमः समस्तपदम् विग्रहः
1. यथामति मतिम् अनतिक्रम्य
2. अनुगुणम् गुणस्य योग्यम्
3. निर्बाधम् बाधया रहितम्
4. अनुरथम् रथस्य योग्यम्
5. निर्विघ्नम् विघ्नेन रहितम्
6. प्रतिमासम् मासम् प्रति
7. उपगुरु गुरुः समीपम्
8. अधिहरि हरौ इति
9. सपरिवारम् परिवारेण सहितम्
10. प्रतिदिनम् दिनम् प्रति
Solution:

The table above provides examples of Avyayibhav Samasa. Each row shows a compound word ('Samastapadam') and its corresponding breakdown or analysis ('Vigraha'). For instance, 'यथामति' (according to one's ability) is broken down as 'मतिम् अनतिक्रम्य' (not exceeding the ability). Similarly, 'प्रतिदिनम्' (daily) is analyzed as 'दिनम् प्रति' (each day). These examples illustrate how a prefix or indeclinable word combines with another word to form a compound that functions as a single unit, often indicating manner, time, or accompaniment.

Practice Exercise

अभ्यासः

प्रदत्त-तालिकायां समस्तपदं विग्रहं वा लिखत-

क्रमः समस्तपदम् विग्रहः
1. निर्मलम् मलिनं रहितम्
2. उपकृष्णम् कृष्णस्य समीपम्
3. सव्यवधानम् अवधानेन सहितम्
4. निरर्थकम् अर्थेन रहितम्
5. प्रतिवर्षम् वर्षम् प्रति
6. उपगङ्गाम् गङ्गायाः समीपम्
7. स्रेहेन सहितम् सहर्षम्
8. अव्ययीभावः अव्ययम् इव भावः यस्य सः
9. यथाशक्ति शक्तिम् अनतिक्रम्य
10. प्रतिगृहम् गृहम् प्रति
Solution:

This exercise requires filling in the missing compound words ('Samastapadam') or their analyses ('Vigraha') based on the principles of Samasa, particularly Avyayibhav. For example, 'निर्मलम्' is the compound word for 'मलिनं रहितम्' (devoid of impurity). 'उपकृष्णम्' means 'near Krishna', derived from 'कृष्णस्य समीपम्'. 'सव्यवधानम्' means 'with obstruction', from 'अवधानेन सहितम्'. 'निरर्थकम्' means 'meaningless', from 'अर्थेन रहितम्'. 'प्रतिवर्षम्' signifies 'every year', from 'वर्षम् प्रति'. 'उपगङ्गाम्' means 'near the Ganga', from 'गङ्गायाः समीपम्'. 'सहर्षम्' is the compound for 'स्रेहेन सहितम्' (with joy). The term 'अव्ययीभावः' itself is a compound, meaning 'having the nature of an indeclinable', derived from 'अव्ययम् इव भावः यस्य सः'. 'यथाशक्ति' means 'according to power', from 'शक्तिम् अनतिक्रम्य'. Finally, 'प्रतिगृहम्' means 'every house', from 'गृहम् प्रति'. These completions reinforce the understanding of how prefixes and indeclinables form compound words in Sanskrit.

Common mistakes

  • Confusing 'Vigraha' with 'Samasa'.
  • Incorrectly identifying the primary word in a compound.
  • Not recognizing the neuter gender and indeclinable nature of Avyayibhav Samasa.
  • Errors in applying prefixes or indeclinables to form correct compound words.

Revision tips

  • Focus on understanding the definition and purpose of Samasa.
  • Memorize the four main types and their key characteristics.
  • Pay close attention to the examples provided for Avyayibhav Samasa.
  • Practice the exercises diligently to reinforce learning and identify potential errors.

Practice MCQs

Q1. What is the term for the analysis or breakdown of a compound word in Sanskrit?

Q2. Which type of Samasa is characterized by the first word being an indeclinable or prefix?

Q3. In which Samasa is the first word (पूर्व-पद) considered the primary element?

Q4. Karmadharaya and Dvigu are considered sub-types of which main Samasa?

Q5. What is a common characteristic of the compound words formed in Avyayibhav Samasa regarding gender?

Frequently asked questions

What is 'Samasa' in Sanskrit grammar?

'Samasa' refers to the process of combining two or more words into a single compound word, often to express a concept more concisely. It is the opposite of 'Vigraha', which is the breakdown of a compound word.

What are the main types of Samasa discussed in this chapter?

This chapter introduces four main types of Samasa: Avyayibhav, Tatpurush, Dvandva, and Bahuvrihi. It also mentions that Karmadharaya and Dvigu are sub-types of Tatpurush.

What are the key features of Avyayibhav Samasa?

In Avyayibhav Samasa, the first word is usually an indeclinable (avyaya) or a prefix (upasarga). The entire compound word functions as an indeclinable and is typically in the neuter gender.

How do these NCERT Solutions help with exam preparation?

These solutions provide clear explanations of Samasa concepts, detailed examples, and practice exercises. Understanding these elements thoroughly will help students answer questions related to compound words accurately in their exams.

What is the difference between 'Vigraha' and 'Samasa'?

'Samasa' is the process of forming a compound word by joining words together, while 'Vigraha' is the process of separating a compound word back into its individual components and explaining their relationship.

Important links

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