CHAPTER STRATEGIES FOR

ENHANC<br>IN FOOD ENHANCEMENT

PRODUCTION

Syllabus

Improvement in food production : Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification, Apiculture and Animal husbandry.

Chapter Analysis

2016 2017 2018

List of Topics D OD D OD D/OD

Animal • Animal breeding 1 Q •1 Q 1 Q 1 Q 1 Q

husbandry (inbreeding/out breeding) (1 M) (1 M) (3 M) (1 M) (2 M)

• Inbreeding depression 1 Q
• Controlled breeding (3 M) experiments- MOET

Plant • Fill in the table type on 1 Q 1 Q 1 Q

Breeding crop variety (2 M) (2 M) (3 M)

• Resistant crop variety 1 Q
• Indian hybrid crops- (3 M) Sugarcane
• Plant breeding technique Tissue • Tissue culture 1 Q Culture Micro-propagation (3 M)

• On the above analysis, it can be concluded that topics like methods of animal breeding (inbreeding/ outcrossing (MOET), Indian hybrid crops like sugarcane, Fill in the table type on crop variety, Tissue culture and micropropagation are important topics from this chapter.

TOPIC-1 Animal Husbandry

Revision Notes

TOPIC - 1

Animal Husbandry .... P. 236

• With ever-increasing population of the world, enhancement of food production is a major necessity. Biological principles as applied to animal husbandry and plant breeding have a major role in our efforts to increase food production. Several new techniques like embryo transfer technology and tissue culture techniques are going to play a pivotal role in further enhancing food production.

TOPIC - 2

Plant Breeding .... P. 245

Animal Husbandry

> It is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock by applying scientific principles.

• It deals with the care and breeding of livestock such as buffaloes, cows, pigs, horses, cattle, sheep, camels, goats, bees, silkworms, etc. and poultry farming and fisheries, which are useful to humans.

237 STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD PRODUCTION

• More than 70% of the world's livestock population is in India and China.
• However, the contribution to the world's farm produce is only 25% i.e. the productivity per unit is very low. Hence, the new technologies have to be applied to achieve improvement in quality and productivity.

Dairy Farm Management (Dairying)

It is the management of animals for increasing yield and quality of milk and its products for human consumption.

> It deals with the processes and systems to improve quality and quantity of milk.

• Milk yield depends on the quality of breeds in the farm.

> The selection of good breeds having high yielding potential and resistance to diseases is important.

For the yield potential:

• The cattle have to be well looked after i.e. they have to be housed well, should have adequate water and maintained disease free.
• The feeding of cattle should be carried out in a scientific manner i.e. with special emphasis on the quality and quantity of fodder.
• Stringent cleanliness, hygiene of cattle and handlers while milking, storage and transport of the milk.

> Now-a-days, these processes have mechanized and so the chance of direct contact of the produce with the handler has been reduced.

> To ensure stringent measures there should be :

1. Regular inspections with proper record problems.

keeping which helps to identify and rectify the (ii) Regular visits by a veterinary doctor.

Poultry Farm Management

• Poultry is the domesticated fowls (birds) used for food or eggs. Examples – chicken, ducks, turkey and geese.

> Important Parameters of poultry farm management :

• Selection of disease free and suitable breeds. • Proper and safe farm conditions.

• Proper feed and water. • Hygiene and health care of birds.

Animal Breeding

A breed is a group of animals related by descent and similar in general appearance, features, size etc.

> Breeding is the modification of genotype of an organism to make that organism more useful to humans.

> The objective of animal breeding is to increase the animal yield and to improve the desirable qualities of the produce.

Types of Breeding

> Breeding is of two types namely inbreeding and out-breeding.

1. Inbreeding

• It is the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations.
• The procedure of inbreeding is as follows:
• Superior males and superior females of the same breed are identified and mated in pairs.
• The progeny obtained are evaluated and superior males and females among them are identified for further mating.
• In cattle, a superior female is the cow that produces more milk per lactation.
• A superior male (bull) gives rise to superior progenies.

Advantages of Inbreeding

• It increases homozygosity to evolve a pure line animal.

It exposes harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection.

It helps in accumulation of superior genes and elimination of less desirable genes. This approach increases the productivity of inbred population.

Disadvantages of Inbreeding

Continued inbreeding especially close inbreeding may reduce fertility and productivity. This is called inbreeding depression. To solve this problem, selected animals should be mated with unrelated superior animals of the same breed.

(b) Out-breeding

• It is the breeding of the unrelated animals.

It is of three types namely out-crossing, cross-breeding and inter-specific hybridization.

1. Out-crossing

• It involves mating the animals of different breeds or same breed that have no common ancestors on either side of their pedigree up to 4-6 generations.
• The offspring of such a mating is known as out-cross.

It is the best method to increase milk production in animals having low milk productivity growth rate in cattle etc.