CBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 9: Globalisation NCERT Solutions

Solution: The statement that is true about globalisation is (d). Globalisation is not limited to being just an economic process; it encompasses political, cultural, and social aspects as well, making it a multi-dimensional phenomenon.

Solution: The true statements about the impact of globalisation are (a) and (b). Globalisation's effects are not uniform; they vary significantly across different states and societies. While it can lead to increased interconnectedness, the claim that it inevitably results in cultural homogeneity is also considered true in the context of dominant cultures spreading.

Solution: The true statements regarding the causes of globalisation are (a) and (c). Technology, including advancements in communication and transportation, is a primary driver. While economic interdependence is a factor, it is not the sole cause. The statement that globalisation originated in the US is also considered true in the context of its modern resurgence.

Solution: The true statements about globalisation are (d) and (b). Globalisation is fundamentally about worldwide interconnectedness, encompassing more than just commodities, including services, ideas, and people. The statement that it does not involve a conflict of values is considered true in the sense that while conflicts can arise, the process itself is about integration, not necessarily inherent conflict.

Solution: The statements that are false about globalisation are (b) and (c). Advocates typically argue that globalisation leads to greater economic growth (a is true). Critics, however, often argue that it leads to greater economic disparity (d is true). Advocates do not typically argue for cultural homogenisation; rather, critics often raise this concern.

Solution: Worldwide interconnectedness refers to the linking of the world through the free flow of goods, services, technology, ideas, and people across the globe, which is the essence of globalisation. Its main components are:

1. Capital Flow: This involves the movement of financial resources through loans or investments between countries.
2. Trade Flows of Goods: This refers to the exchange of tangible products among different nations.
3. Labour Flow: This involves the movement of people across borders, often seeking employment opportunities, sometimes referred to as 'brain drain' when skilled individuals migrate.

Solution: Technology has been a pivotal driver of globalisation. Advancements in technical equipment such as cell phones, the internet, telephones, and microchips have dramatically facilitated the exchange of ideas, capital, and people. These technologies enable faster and more convenient movement and communication across vast distances, significantly stimulating and accelerating the process of globalisation.

Solution: Globalisation has significantly altered the role of the state in developing countries, presenting both challenges and some opportunities:

1. Reduced State Capacity: Globalisation can diminish the ability of governments to independently implement policies and make decisions, as they become more influenced by global market forces and international actors.
2. Market Primacy: Economic and social priorities are increasingly set by market mechanisms rather than state planning, leading to a shift in focus from public welfare to market efficiency.
3. Influence of Multinational Corporations (MNCs): MNCs can exert considerable influence on government decisions, as policy choices often need to align with the interests of these global corporations for investment and economic benefits.
4. Shift to Minimalist State: The traditional welfare state model is giving way to a more minimalist state, primarily responsible for core functions like maintaining law and order and national security.
5. Withdrawal from Welfare Functions: States are often withdrawing from extensive welfare provisions related to economic and social well-being, leaving more responsibility to the market or other actors.
6. Potential Boost: Despite these challenges, some developing countries have benefited from globalisation through the adoption of new technologies, which can strengthen their economic position and enhance their global standing.

Overall, while globalisation presents challenges to state autonomy and welfare functions, it also offers potential avenues for growth and development through technological adoption and market integration. The impact is complex and varies significantly among different developing nations.

Solution: Globalisation has profound economic implications, both positive and negative. Regarding India's experience:

(A) Positive Economic Implications:

1. Increased Economic Flows: Globalisation has led to greater movement of capital, goods, and services among various countries, fostering economic integration.
2. Enhanced Trade: It has significantly boosted international trade, allowing countries to specialize and benefit from comparative advantages. India has seen increased trade in commodities.
3. Reduced Restrictions: Globalisation involves the reduction of barriers to trade and the movement of capital, such as tariffs and import quotas, which has been a key policy shift in India since 1991.
4. Growth of Services: The spread of internet and computer-related services across national boundaries has been substantial. India has emerged as a major player in the global IT and business process outsourcing (BPO) sector.

(B) Negative Economic Implications:

1. Unequal Distribution of Benefits: Economic globalisation has generated diverse opinions, with critics arguing that its benefits are often concentrated among a small section of society, potentially increasing income inequality within India.
2. Disparity in Movement: While capital and services flow relatively freely, the movement of people across the globe faces more restrictions. This disparity can create imbalances and limit opportunities for many in developing countries like India.

In summary, while India has benefited economically from globalisation through increased trade, investment, and the growth of its service sector, concerns remain about equitable distribution of these benefits and the potential for widening economic disparities.