These notes for CBSE Class 11 Informatics Practices, Chapter 8, introduce the fundamental concepts of Database Management Systems (DBMS). It defines data as raw facts and a data item as a single piece of information. A database is presented as an organized collection of interrelated data, while a DBMS is described as software for creating, managing, and maintaining databases. The notes differentiate between DBMS and Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS), explaining that RDBMS organizes data into tables (relations) with rows (tuples) and columns (attributes). Key advantages of database systems like reduced redundancy and improved data security are highlighted. The document also explains the three levels of database implementation (Internal, Conceptual, External) and the concept of data independence. Various data models, including Relational, Network, and Hierarchical, are introduced, with a focus on the Relational Model. Essential relational database terminology such as Tuple, Attribute, Domain, Degree, Cardinality, Candidate Key, Primary Key, Alternate Key, and Foreign Key is defined. Concepts like Referential Integrity and Views are also covered. These notes are designed to aid students in understanding and revising the core principles of database management for their exams.
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Basic/raw facts about something which is not organized, for example details of some students which is not organized.
Each piece of information about an entity, such as name of a person or address, age or name of a product or the price is a Data Item.
A well-organized collection of interrelated data that ensures safety, security and integrity of data is called database.
Comprehensive software that provides the essential services to create, manage and maintain the databases. In short a DBMS provides the means to store the data in the database, to edit or delete the data stored, to search and analyze the data in the database. They also provide various safety and security mechanisms that ensures that in any case stored data will be safe and accessible.
A Database Management System that conforms at-least half of the 12 rules defined by Dr. E.F. Codd (1970) in his research document. In a relational data model, the data is organized into tables (i.e. Rows and Columns). These tables are called Relations. A row in a table represents a relationship among a set of values. Since table is a collection of relationships it is generally referred to using the mathematical term Relation.
Systems comprising of Databases and Database Management Systems are simply referred as database systems.
• Reduce data redundancy (duplication of data) • Control data inconsistency to a large extent • Database facilitate sharing of data • Enforce standards • Centralized databases can ensure data security
MySQL, INGRES, POSTGRES, ORACLE, DB2, Microsoft Access. Levels of Database Implementation:
Internal Level ( Physical Level) : It describes how the data are actually stored on the storage media.
Conceptual Level : It describes what data are actually stored in the database. It also describes the relationships existing among data.
External Level (View Level) : It is closest to the users and is concerned with the way in which the data are viewed by individual users
Data Independence: The ability to modify a scheme definition in one level without affecting a scheme definition in the next higher level.
Two Level of Data Independence are:-
Physical Data Independence: It refers to the ability to modify the scheme followed at the
physical level without affecting the scheme followed at the conceptual level.
Logical data Independence: It refers to the ability to modify the scheme followed at the
conceptual level without affecting the scheme followed at the External level.
Data (Database) Model: A way by which data structures and their relationships are analyzed.
• Relational data model
• Network data model
• Hierarchical data model
In this model data is organized into tabular structures (tables) called relations. A database may contain many relations providing a better classification of data based on its nature and use. Multiple relations are then linked/ associated together on some common key data values (foreign key). In a relation the rows represent the record and known as Tuple and the columns referred as Attribute.
In this model data is represented by collections of records and relationships among data are represented by links. A record is collection of fields i.e. attributes, each of which contents only one data value.
In this model records are organized as trees, data is represented by collection of records connected to one another through links.
• Data is stored in a relational database in one or more tables. These tables termed as relation.
Atomicity : At every row-column intersection (Cell) there must be an atomic value i.e. a value that can not be further subdivided.
No duplicity: No two rows of relation will be identical i.e. in any two rows value in at least one column must be different.
• Ordering of rows is immaterial.
• Ordering of columns is immaterial.
Tuple : A row in a relation is called a tuple
Attribute : A column in a relation is called an attribute
Domain : Domain of an attribute refers to the set of all the possible values for that attribute.
Degree : Number of attributes in a relation is the degree of that relation
Cardinality : Number of tuples in a relation is the cardinality of that relation.
Candidate Key: A set of one or more minimal attributes used to uniquely identify a tuple in the relation and which can act as Primary Key. A relation can have multiple candidate keys
Primary Key: A candidate key that is primarily chosen for unique identification of tuples in a Relation. Any subset of Primary key should not be Primary key.
Alternate Key: Candidate keys that not chosen as primary key are the alternate keys.
Example: In A LIBRARY Table
* Candidate keys can be Accession No, Book No
* Primary key: If we select Book No as primary key for our purpose then Alternate Key will be Accession No.
Views : A view is a virtual table whose contents are taking from other tables depending upon a
condition.
Definition of the VIEW :
CREATE VIEW toppers AS SELECT * FROM Student WHERE Marks > 75 ;
Here name of the view is toppers Base table is students toppers( A virtual table based on Student table)
A column or a combination of columns whose values are derived from primary key of some other table
is called the foreign key of the table in which it is contained.
REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY
The property of a relational database which ensures that no entry in a foreign key column of a table can
be made unless it matches a primary key value in the corresponding column of the related table. It is
enforced in the database with the help of foreign key constraint.
Do Yourself :
Identify Tuple, Attributes, Field Names, Primary Key in the table Custmer shown below.
A database is a well-organized collection of interrelated data that ensures the safety, security, and integrity of the data.
A DBMS (Database Management System) is comprehensive software that provides essential services to create, manage, and maintain databases, including storing, editing, deleting, searching, and analyzing data securely.
An RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) is a DBMS where data is organized into tables (relations) consisting of rows (tuples) and columns (attributes), conforming to specific rules.
The three levels are Internal Level (how data is stored), Conceptual Level (what data is stored and relationships), and External Level (how users view the data).
A Tuple is a row in a relation (table) of a relational database, representing a single record.
A Primary Key uniquely identifies each tuple in a table. A Foreign Key is a column in one table that refers to the Primary Key in another table, establishing a link between them.
Referential Integrity ensures that foreign key values in a table must match existing primary key values in the related table, maintaining data consistency.
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