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An ordered set of instructions given to the computer is known as a program and a set of such
programs that governs the operation of a computer system and/or its related devices is known as
Software.
Software can be divided into different types depending upon their uses and application- System
Software & Application Software.
Software required to run and maintain basic components of computer system come under the
category of system software whereas software required to solve some specific task of daily use is
generally called application software.
An operating system is an example of system software while documentation tool, a presentation
tool, a spreadsheet tool are all examples of application software. Even your favorite computer
game is an example of application software. Some common examples of System Software as
follows :
The basic input/output system (BIOS) is also commonly known as the System BIOS. The BIOS is boot firmware, a small program that controls various electronic devices attached to the main computer system. The BIOS sets the machine hardware into a known state to help the operating system to configure the hardware components. This process is known as booting, or booting up. BIOS programs are stored on a chip
Operating system is a set of system programs that controls and coordinates
the operations of a computer system. Operating systems perform all basic tasks, such as
identifying basic input/output devices, accepting input from the input devices, sending results to
the output devices, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling other
peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers
Need for an Operating System
Operating system provides a software platform, on top of which, other programs, called
application programs are run.
The functions of an operating system can be broadly outlined as follows:
• Communicate with hardware and the attached devices [Device Manager]
• Manage different types of memories [Memory Manager]
• Provide a user interface [Interface Manager]
• Provide a structure for accessing an application [Program Manager]
• Enable users to manipulate programs and data [Task Manager]
• Manage the files, folders and directory systems on a computer [File Manager]
Following types of operating system are generally available and used depending upon the primary purpose and application and the type of hardware attached to the computer:
Single User :-
Allows one user to operate the computer and run different programs on the
computer. MS DOS is a common example of single user operating system.
Multi-user :-
Allows two or more users to run programs at the same time on a single computer
system. Unix, Linux, Windows are common examples of multi user operating system.
Real Time:-
Responds to input instantly. Real-time operating systems are commonly found and
used in robotics, complex multimedia and animation, communications and has various military
and government uses. LYNX and Windows CE are examples of real time operating systems.
A device driver is a system software that acts like an interface between the Device and the user or the Operating System. All computer accessories like Printer, Scanner, Web Camera, etc come with their own driver software.
A computer system understands only machine language or binary
language, also known as Low Level Language(LLL). This language is extremely difficult to
learn for a general programmer and thus there is a need for some special language that is easy
to learn and understand for the programmer in order to interact with the computer system. These
special languages or set of commands are collectively known as programming languages or High
Level languages (HLL).
Some examples of High Level Programming
Languages are Basic, C, C++, JAVA, etc. These high level programming languages can easily be
translated into machine language using Language Processors. These are:
Assembler :- Assembler is a language processor, which translates a program written in assembly
language into machine language.
Compiler :- A compiler is a language processor which converts (or translates) the entire program
written in high level language into machine language in one go.
Interpreter :-This language processor converts a high level language program into machine
language line by line as well as executes it.
Application software is a set of programs to carry out a specific task like
word processor, spreadsheet, presentation tools, library management software, railway
reservation, antivirus software, etc.
Application Software can be divided into different categories depending upon their uses
as follows:
• Utility Software
• General Purpose Application Software
• Specific Purpose Application Software
• Developer Tools
We also require some additional software to keep our computer system efficient and
trouble free. Generally these software come bundled with the Operating System Software
but we can also use utility software provided by other vendors. Few examples of utility
software are as follows:
• Compression utility software :- Using this software, you can reduce (compress)
the storage size of any computer program/file while not in use.
• Backup utility software :- Though computer is in general a dependable device but
it is always advisable to take regular back up of important data and programs stored in the
computer. In case of any damage to the system, the back-up files can be restored and the
important data can be recovered from the back-up files. This utility software facilitates
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you to take regular back-up of important files and folders stored in a drive into another
storage device
• Disk De-fragmentation Utility software :-hen computer system finds a file too
large to store in a single location, it splits the file and stores it in pieces(called fragments),
which are logically linked. This simply means that different parts of the file are scattered
across the hard drive in noncontiguous locations. Disk de-fragmentation utility software
speeds up the system by rearranging such fragmented files stored on a disk in contiguous
locations in order to optimize the system performance.
• Antivirus detection and protection software :- This utility software provides the
user with a virus free work environment by restricting the entry of any unwanted program
into the system.
• Text Editor :- This utility software helps one to create, store or edit a basic text file
examples of text editors are Notepad, Gedit and K Write
Some of the application software are designed for general day to day applications and uses.
Some of these popular general purpose application software are discussed below:
Word
Processor :-
Word Processor is general purpose application software that facilitates the
creation of text documents with extensive formatting.
Spreadsheet Tools :- Spreadsheet Tool is general purpose application software that facilitates
creation of tabular forms where some text and numerical values can be stored
.
Database Management System :- Database Management System is general-purpose application
software that facilitates creation of computer programs that control the creation, maintenance,
and the use of database for an organization and its end users.
Specific Purpose Application Software
Some :- application software are made for performing specific tasks generally used by the
institutions, corporate, business houses, etc. e.g.
Inventory Management System & Purchasing System :- Inventory Management System is
generally used in departmental stores or in an institution to keep the record of the stock of all the
physical resources.
Developer tools :-
When a programmer starts the process of writing a program to develop software for any type of
application, he/she requires a series of software developing tools like code editor, debugger and
compiler.
Integrated Development Environment
An
(IDE) is an application program that consists of all
required software developing tools required for developing software as part of a single interface.
It typically consists of the following tools:
• Source Code Editor
• Graphical User Interface
(GUI) builder
• Compiler / Interpreter
• Debugger
• Build Automation tool
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